With the recent near-default of the American government, we are forced to take a closer look at the dark rabbit hole that has become the federal budget. A short plunge into history will surface in a debate of the politics of the current financial crisis: Over the past century, the world has changed dramatically, contributing to and resulting from globalization.

Like the domino effect, once science reached a certain point of innovation, the world population exploded, creating a systematic and uncontrollable increase in both processes over the following years. The U.S. government reflects a clear example of this incredulous expansion. The 20^th century saw America transform from an infant nation into the leading nation of efficiency, compassion, and modernity.

At the helm of the 1900’s, the U.S. government consumed merely 6.9 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP, a minority of which was due to federal spending. However, World War I brought a kick to spending, and culminating at about 12 percent of GDP in the 1920s.

President Roosevelt and the New Deal brought spending up to 20 percent during the Great Depression, but it was during World War II that government spending peaked to 53 percent of GDP in 1945. In terms of government spending, the post -World War II era marked itself as the Golden Age, despite President Clinton’s 1995 declaration that big government spending has finally come to an end.

Immediately after WWII, spending dropped to 21 percent, but by the recession of 1980-82, hit a peak of 36 percent. Government spending averaged 32 percent of GDP until the disastrous recession of 2008, in which spending surged to wartime-like spending, 45 percent, thanks to bank and automotive industry bailouts.

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The federal budget for the 2011 fiscal year outlines exactly what the enormous percentage of the GDP amounts to. As seen in the pie chart below, courtesy of usgovernmentspending.com, the $3.8 trillion in expenditures is divided into 5 categories, in descending order of dollars spent: defense, healthcare, pensions, “other”, and welfare.

Defense, 25 percent of the budget, plunders a whopping one trillion dollars. Health follows at a close second with $0.9 trillion, or 23 percent. Pensions, at 21 percent, translate to $0.8 trillion. Welfare constitutes 13 percent of the budget with $0.5 trillion, with the remaining 18 percent pulling $0.6 trillion – including, but not limited to, education.

According to USA Today, the national debt has mounted to such a number that, to repay it entirely, each American household would have to fork over a whopping $668,621. In other words, with absolutely 0% interest, the most manageable payment plan would involve a $13,364 annual payment for the next 50 years per household, or approximately the annual tuition rate for a state-subsidized public American university.

To clarify, this number is only the amount of debt as it stands today, not the additional debt of next year, the year after, etc.

The level of debt has become so outrageous that, last month, the United States government was forced to raise its debt ceiling or face default. The latter decision would have crippled the government, rendering it incapable of basic function and placing the civil population into very real danger.

Welfare and public education would eventually become inaccessible, and troops abroad would be marooned without funding. Additionally, a debt default would have led to an enormous depreciation of the dollar and possible another global recession, due to a reduction in worth of all dollar-back assets worldwide.

Luckily, the Senate cobbled together a last minute compromise that left much to be desired. This heartbreaking piece of work was the result of months of partisan bickering and head-butting. As a result, the DJIA drop 1500 points in little over a week, and the S&P graciously downgraded U.S. debt for the first time in history.

How this will affect the American economy remains to be seen, but the future surely is not bright. Think the government can tighten their belts and spend within their limits? If it means we all must draw back a little bit, then here’s a rally towards a healthy economy in the unfortunately far off future.
Stephen C. / Shutterstock.com

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The debt ceiling was raised in the last possible moment in a deal that has no one really satisfied. The debt ceiling was raised along with a creation of a “secret super committee” that will dramatically slash spending.

Democrats in the Senate supported the bill despite the huge spending cuts. Forty-five voted “yes” on the bill and six voted “no.” Meanwhile 28 Republicans voted in favor of the bill and 19 opposed it. Sen. Joe Lieberman (I-Conn.) and Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) voted “yes” and “no,” respectively.

The compromise allows Obama to increase the borrowing limit by $400 billion immediately but also mandates $917 billion in cuts over the next decade. The bill also sets up a committee of 12 lawmakers that will find another $1.5 trillion cuts over the next decade.  The bill “puts in place a powerful committee that will ensure further much-needed reform,” said Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.)

“There must be a sharing of sacrifice,” Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) said. “It’s very unfair for millionaires and billionaires not to be contributing.”

Very few lawmakers had positive reactions to the deal.

“This compromise that we reached is not perfect,” said Reid. “We settled for less than we wanted, but so did my friend [McConnell].”

He also complained that the country was forced to such an impasse because of the “very, very disconcerting” impact of the Tea Party.

McConnell was more satisfied with the outcome. “It was a debate that Washington very much needed to have,” he said. “The American people agree with us on the nature of the problem … if you’re spending yourself into oblivion, the solution isn’t to spend more, it’s to spend less.”

“The bill doesn’t solve the problem, but it forces us to admit we have one,” McConnell added.

Other tea-party backed Republicans were less optimistic over the outcome. “To me it comes close to violating our oath of office,” said Sen. Jon Kyl (R-Ariz.) about the potential cuts to military spending.

Economists also have mixed reactions about the deal. Raising the debt ceiling provides some stability in an already fragile economy however the huge spending cuts will continue to slow the economy.

“The federal government spends huge amounts of money, and to the extent, in the short-term, that it’s not spending that amount of money, there will be an impact to the economy,” said Ernie Patrikis, a banking partner at White & Case and former vice president of the New York Federal Reserve. He said that while he thought the stability would encourage more investment, “the impact on unemployment is not terribly helpful.”

“It’s definitely a drag — the only question is how much,” said Dean Baker, co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research. “We’re going backward when we desperately need to go forward.”

According to the Huffington Post, the Democrats began the debate stating that the hike in the debt ceiling be “clean” and not tied to spending cuts. They gave ground continually for months, and McConnell happily pointed out that the White House once labeled any linkage to future spending “insane.”

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Despite some Democratic leaders prompting, President Barack Obama has stated that he will not utilize the 14^th amendment in order to bypass congress and raise the debt ceiling. The little known 14^th amendment is vaguely worded and legal scholars differ on the whether the amendment would allow the president to continue to borrow or could pose a legal challenge.

On Tuesday, Obama’s spokesman, Jay Carney, seems to dismiss the possibility. “The Constitution makes clear that Congress has the authority, not the president, to borrow money and only Congress can increase the statutory debt ceiling. That is just a reality,” Carney told reporters.

However, House leaders emerged from a caucus on Wednesday and urged Obama to raise the debt ceiling any way possible. If Congress can’t reach a deal on a long-term debt limit increase by Aug. 2, Obama should “sign an executive order invoking the 14th Amendment,” said Assistant Minority Leader James Cyburn (D-S.C.).

“I am convinced that whatever discussions about the legality of that can continue,” Clyburn said. “But I believe that something like this will bring calm to the American people and will bring needed stability to our financial markets.”

House Democratic Caucus Chairman John Larson (D-Conn.) stated that Obama has previously expressed doubts about his legal authority to unilaterally raise the debt limit. But circumstances have changed, Larson said, and “we just want to let him know that his caucus is prepared to stand behind him” if Congress fails to pass a longterm deal.

“We have to have a fail-safe mechanism,” Larson said. “We believe that fail-safe mechanism is the 14th Amendment and the president of the United States.”

Former President Bill Clinton argued last week that the 14th Amendment that states the “validity” of government debt ”shall not be questioned” means that Obama could simply ignore the congressionally imposed debt ceiling and go on borrowing.

A handful of Democrats plan to hold a press conference on Thursday in the capital. The Democrats want to encourage the president to “invoke the 14th Amendment in the absence of a bipartisan agreement to raise the debt ceiling and avoid national default,” according to their press release.

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