Washington, U.S.A – NASA-funded research on Mars meteorites that landed on Earth shows strong evidence that very large molecules containing carbon, which is a key ingredient for the building blocks of life, can originate on the Red Planet. These macromolecules are not of biological origin, but they are indicators that complex carbon chemistry has taken place on Mars.

Researchers from the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington who found reduced carbon molecules now have better insight into the chemical processes taking place on Mars. Reduced carbon is carbon that is bonded to hydrogen or itself. Their findings also may assist in future quests for evidence of life on the Red Planet. The findings are published in Thursday’s online edition of Science Express.

“These findings show that the storage of reduced carbon molecules on Mars occurred throughout the planet’s history and might have been similar to processes that occurred on the ancient Earth,” said Andrew Steele, lead author of the paper and researcher from Carnegie. “Understanding the genesis of these non-biological, carbon-containing macromolecules on Mars is crucial for developing future missions to detect evidence of life on our neighboring planet.”

Finding molecules containing large chains of carbon and hydrogen has been one objective of past and present Mars missions. Such molecules have been found previously in Mars meteorites, but scientists have disagreed about how the carbon in them was formed and whether it came from Mars. This new information proves Mars can produce organic carbon.

“Although this study has not yielded evidence that Mars has or once may have supported life, it does address some important questions about the sources of organic carbon on Mars,” said Mary Voytek, director of NASA’s Astrobiology Program at the agency’s Headquarters in Washington. “With the Curiosity rover scheduled to land in August, these new research results may help Mars Science Laboratory scientists fine-tune their investigations on the surface of the planet by understanding where organic carbon may be found and how it is preserved.”

Scientists have theorized that the large carbon macromolecules detected on Martian meteorites could have originated from terrestrial contamination from Earth or other meteorites, or chemical reactions or biological activity on Mars.

Steele’s team examined samples from 11 Martian meteorites from a period spanning about 4.2 billion years of Martian history. They detected large carbon compounds in 10 of them. The molecules were found inside grains of crystallized minerals.

Using an array of sophisticated research techniques, the team was able to show that at least some of the macromolecules of carbon were indigenous to the meteorites themselves and not contamination from Earth.

The team next looked at the carbon molecules in relation to other minerals in the meteorites to see what kinds of chemical processing these samples endured before arriving on Earth. The crystalline grains encasing the carbon compounds provided a window into how the carbon molecules were created. Their findings indicate that the carbon was created by volcanic activity on Mars and show that Mars has been doing organic chemistry for most of its history.

In a separate paper published by American Mineralogist, Steele and his team report their findings on the same meteorite announced in 1996 to contain possible — but subsequently discounted — relics of ancient biological life on Mars. Called ALH84001, the meteorite was found to also contain organic macromolecules of non-biological origin.

The Steele team’s research indicates that Mars does have a pool of reduced carbon. Their findings should help scientists involved in current and future Mars missions distinguish non-biologically formed carbon molecules from potential life.

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Washington, U.S.A. - A game with a difference is being launched this week: Players can ruin the world or save our planet by opting for choices based on real-world data that has not been publicly available so far. The Facebook game aims to mobilise people to demand action rather than just talk from the Rio+20 summit in June.

Game Change Rio offers a great way to engage with the complexities facing our planet today. “Once more of us begin to understand the issues involved, we have a better chance of changing the game,” said Hans Herren, winner of the World Food Prize in 1995, and one of the initiators of the game.

Some 20 years ago, the Earth Summit, the United Nations Conference held in Rio de Janeiro, sounded the alarm on the future of our planet. Very little has happened since and Rio+20 was called to address global inertia and make change happen after all. But this follow-up summit is up against many vested interests and only with strong public pressure, is there hope for a game change.

“We developed ‘Game Change Rio’ to get the message to people we might not reach through other channels,” Herren said. To make it truly global, the game is available in English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Portuguese, and Spanish. A trip to the Rio summit awaits the player with the highest score and additional prizes will go to weekly champions.

Game Change Rio gives access to real-world data that so far has only been available to experts and policy makers. Based on the Millennium Institute’s Green Economy Model, which was commissioned by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the game includes all relevant sectors of the world’s economy and the natural resources available. All of these elements are linked and effects of policies are seen in their full complexity. The model has over 5,000 indicators, and with the 125 policy cards developed, the game has over 100 million possible outcomes.

Game Change Rio, the idea of Biovision – Foundation for ecological Development, CodeSustainable and the Millennium Institute, aims to raise awareness for the issues that need to be addressed if future generations are to enjoy life on this planet and goes on to propose solutions to the problems we are facing.

To play the game, for further information, interview opportunities and pictures, please go to Gamechangerio.org.

Image Courtesy of   Game Change Rio

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In 2007, two super-Earths known as Gliese 667 C and Gliese 581d were discovered orbiting red dwarfs in the habitable zone, an area in which a planet is able to have surface temperature in order to liquid water. Recently, results from a study suggest these planets plus smaller, rocky ones are quite common in our galaxy and orbit red dwarfs by the tens of billions.

The study was conducted by an international team of scientists a part of the HARPS (High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Search), ESO’s (European Southern Observatory) planet finder. HARPS’s mission is to detect planets beyond the solar system. HARPS especially aims to discover planets that are in the habitable zone.

In order to calculate the largest amount of Earth-like planets that could exist in the Milky Way, HARPS studied the most common type of star in the galaxy: red dwarfs. Red dwarfs are small, cool, and faint in luminosity in comparison to the Sun. Because they spend less energy than other types of stars, they are long-lived and, therefore, are the most common. Approximately 160 billion exist in the galaxy alone, making up a whopping 80% of the total number of stars.

Using a spectrograph from a 3.6-meter telescope from La Silla Observatory in Chile, HARPS chose a sample of 102 red dwarfs from the southern portion of the sky and studied them for six days. HARPS detected nine super-Earths (planets up to ten times the size of the Earth), two of which were inside the habitable zone. Furthermore, 40% of red dwarfs contain super-Earths that are able to sustain water on their surfaces.

Combining their data and the number of stars without planets, and an estimate of how many planets could be discovered, HARPS was then able to calculate the total number of planets orbiting red dwarfs and the different types of these planets. In the end, their results illustrated that tens of billions of smaller rocky planets exist in the Milky Way.

100 of these hypothesized planets should exist in the immediate vicinity – around 30 light-years – of the Sun (smaller planets are difficult to detect). Massive gassy planets (around the size of Jupiter and Saturn), on the other hand, were calculated to be rare when it came to orbiting red dwarfs.

Although it is exciting knowing that so many Earth-sized orbit stars in the habitable zone, astronomers are not getting their hopes up of finding life. It would be difficult for life to thrive on planets that orbit red dwarfs: because red dwarfs are cool, the habitable zone is rather close, leaving any planets close to the red dwarf to be bombarded with flares of ultraviolet rays and X-rays, making the planets not habitable after all. But that does not daunt astronomers of thinking that any of these small worlds could harbor life.

“Now that we know that there are many super-Earths around nearby red dwarfs,” Xaiver Delfosse, a member of the team tells ESO, “we need to identify more of them using both HARPS and future instruments. Some of these planets are expected to pass in front of their parent star as they orbit — this will open up the exciting possibility of studying the planet’s atmosphere and searching for signs of life.”

A detailed report of HARPS experiment and results can be found here.

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Astronomers part of the international collaboration Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET) calculated the approximate number of planets based on statistical analyses from multiple surveys gathered from observatories, institutions, and ground-based telescopes, including NASA’s spacecraft Kepler, the European Southern Observatory (ESO), the Niels Bohr Institute, the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE), and the Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA).

PLANET has taken 16 years to find planets, and six to make a statistical hypothesis (from 2002 to 2007). It is estimated that there are at least 100 billion stars in the Milky Way and that each one has 1.6 planets in orbit on average, coming to a total of 160 billion hypothetical planets. This number is much, much higher than the number originally predicted.

Astronomers use three methods to search for planets. The first one is called transiting, in which one observes a stars’ level of brightness. If the level slightly drops, the dip acts as a signal that a planet is crossing the star during its orbit. The second method is the radial-velocity method. When planets orbit a star, the star does not remain stationary.

Rather, it moves in a small circular motion, causing the planet’s gravitational pull. Lastly, the third method is gravitational microlensing. In relation to an observer on Earth, two stars, one in front of the other, seem to form a straight line. The foreground star causes light from the background star to curve, thus magnifying the latter. If there is a slight temporary difference in the light curve from the foreground star, a planet is orbiting the star.

With the former two methods, astronomers can only find low-mass planets closely orbiting stars. They are what the Kepler spacecraft uses to hunt for planets. The third one, on the other hand, is more sensitive: astronomers can find planets of all sizes (from Mercury-sized to Jupiter-sized) and those that are near and far from their parent stars. In addition, planets’ masses can be determined.

“Together,” Uffe Gråe Jørgensen states in the Niels Bohr Institute press release, “the three methods are, for the first time, able to say something about how common our own solar system is.” Jørgensen is the head of the Astrophysics and Planetary Science research group at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen.

Based on the collected data, astronomers predict that Earth-like planets (small and rocky) are much more common in the galaxy than gas giants like Jupiter. According to Stephen Kane – who is a part of NASA’s Exoplanet Science Institute at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California – in the HubbleSite press release, “This is encouraging news for investigations into habitable planets.”

Ultimately, this new hypothesis significantly increases the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial life, even sentient life.

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Universe Day is an annual event that starts each December 31st at noon and runs until noon on January 1st. Universe Day seeks to pick up where Earth Day leaves off and to effectively solve our planet’s evolutionary problems from a universe evolutionary perspective.

“Universe Day is similar to Earth Day in that individuals and organizations all over the planet are encouraged to self-organize their own events to forward the Universe Day message. Universe Day is a no-ownership, no-egos, get-the-message-out-now event. Imitate it, adapt it, improve it. Steal it, even, if it hastens the spread of its message,” says Lawrence Wollersheim, Director of the Universe Institute and one of the founders of Universe Day.

The message behind Universe Day is derived in part from the wisdom of Albert Einstein, who said, “We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.” As many are aware, the challenges we now face on a planetary scale – such as radically increasing temperatures, nuclear and traditional wars, pollution, environmental degradation, lack of sustainability and a troubled global economy – have serious consequences.

Rather than allow ourselves to feel overwhelmed by these challenges, however, we can, as Einstein suggests, adopt an entirely new way of thinking. Such is the impetus behind Universe Day: to expand our approach to these issues by adopting the much broader Universe Evolutionary Worldview.

“The progressive evolution of the universe as a whole system is the power that sustains our physical existence – both personal and planetary. We are embedded in the unstoppable flow of the evolutionary process, which is the most dominant factor in all of life and in everything around us,” says Wollersheim.

“Recent innovations in cosmology and evolutionary biology have revealed more about the evolution of life and the cosmos in the last twenty years than in all the previous eras of human history combined, and our ability to accumulate more of this essential knowledge is accelerating. Humanity is now capable of understanding the full evolutionary scope of the biggest playing field there is – the universe.”

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