Washington, U.S.A. – NASA is seeking proposals from accredited U.S. universities focused on innovative, early-stage space technologies that will improve shielding from space radiation, spacecraft thermal management and optical systems.

Each of these technology areas requires dramatic improvements over existing capabilities for future science and human exploration missions. Early stage, or low technology readiness level (TRL) concepts, could mature into tools that solve the hard challenges facing future NASA missions. Researchers should propose unique, disruptive or transformational space technologies that address the specific topics described in this new solicitation.

“Both science and human deep space missions pose serious challenges that require new, innovative technological solutions,” said Space Technology Program Director Michael Gazarik at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “Radiation, thermal management and optical systems were all identified in the National Research Council’s report on NASA Space Technology Roadmaps as priority research areas. This call seeks new ideas in these areas.”

Space radiation poses a known danger to the health of astronauts. NASA is seeking proposals in the area of active radiation shielding (such as “shields” of electromagnetic force fields surrounding a spacecraft to block incoming radiation) or new, multifunction materials that are superior to those that exist today are sought. NASA also is interested in new technologies for active monitoring and read-out of radiation levels astronauts receive during long space trips.

Current space technology for thermal management of fuels in space is limited. NASA is seeking early-stage technologies to improve ways spacecraft fuel tanks and in-space filling stations store cryogenic (very low temperature) propellants, such as hydrogen, over long periods of time and distances. NASA also is seeking novel, low-TRL heat rejection technologies which operate reliably and efficiently over a wide range of thermal conditions.

The next generation of lightweight mirrors and telescopes requires advanced optical systems. NASA is seeking advancement of early-stage active wavefront sensing and control system technologies that enable deployable, large aperture space-based observatories; technologies which enable cost-effective development of grazing-incidence optical systems; and novel techniques to focus and detect X-ray photons and other high-energy particles.

NASA expects to make approximately 10 awards this fall, based on the merit of proposals received. The awards will be made for one year, with an additional year of research possible. The typical annual award value is expected to be approximately $250,000.

Image Courtesy of  NASA

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Washington, US – The Herschel Space Observatory has shown galaxies with the most powerful, active black holes at their cores produce fewer stars than galaxies with less active black holes. The results are the first to demonstrate black holes suppressed galactic star formation when the universe was less than half its current age. Herschel is a European Space Agency-led mission with important NASA contributions.

“We want to know how star formation and black hole activity are linked,” said Mathew Page of University College London’s Mullard Space Science Laboratory in the United Kingdom and lead author of the Nature paper describing these findings. “The two processes increase together up to a point, but the most energetic black holes appear to turn off star formation.”

Super massive black holes, weighing as much as millions of suns, are believed to reside in the hearts of all large galaxies. When gas falls upon these monsters, the material is accelerated and heated around the black hole, releasing great torrents of energy. Earlier in the history of the universe, these giant, luminous black holes, called active galactic nuclei, were often much brighter and more energetic. Star formation was also livelier back then.

Studies of nearby galaxies suggest active black holes can squash star formation. The revved-up, central black holes likely heat up and disperse the galactic reservoirs of cold gas needed to create new stars. These studies have only provided “snapshots” in time, however, leaving the overall relationship of active galactic nuclei and star formation unclear, especially over the cosmic history of galaxy formation.

“To understand how active galactic nuclei affect star formation over the history of the universe, we investigated a time when star formation was most vigorous, between eight and 12 billion years ago,” said co-author James Bock, a senior research scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena and co-coordinator of the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey. “At that epoch, galaxies were forming stars 10 times more rapidly than they are today on average. Many of these galaxies are incredibly luminous, more than 1,000 times brighter than our Milky Way.”

For the new study, Page and colleagues used Herschel data that probed 65 galaxies at wavelengths equivalent to the thickness of several sheets of office paper, a region of the light spectrum known as the far-infrared. These wavelengths reveal the rate of star formation, because most of the energy released by developing stars heats surrounding dust, which then re-radiates starlight out in far-infrared wavelengths.

The researchers compared their infrared readings with X-rays streaming from the active central black holes in the survey’s galaxies, measured by NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory. At lower intensities, the black holes’ brightness and star formation increased in sync. However, star formation dropped off in galaxies with the most energetic central black holes. Astronomers think inflows of gas fuel new stars and super massive black holes. Feed a black hole too much, however, and it starts spewing radiation into the galaxy that prevents raw material from coalescing into new stars.

“Now that we see the relationship between active super massive black holes and star formation, we want to know more about how this process works,” said Bill Danchi, Herschel program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “Does star formation get disrupted from the beginning with the formation of the brightest galaxies of this type, or do all active black holes eventually shut off star formation, and energetic ones do this more quickly than less active ones?”

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For decades, dark matter and its nature and location have remained elusive to cosmologists. Recently, a team of astronomers conducted a study to locate the mysterious substance, but the results show that there is not as much dark matter as previously theorized.

“Our calculations show that it should have shown up very clearly in our measurements. But it was just not there!” Christian Moni Bidin of the Astronomy Department at la Universidad de Concepción in Chile says in the European Southern Observatory (ESO) press release. Moni Bidin also headed the study and was the lead author of the team research paper, published in The Astrophysical Journal.

Dark matter is impossible to be seen or detected. It constitutes 74% of the mass in the Universe. How it is distributed around the Universe is unknown. Astronomers believe that dark matter is what causes and exerts the gravitational force around objects made of normal matter (i.e. everything that is not dark matter or dark energy), such as planets, stars, and galaxies.

In the past, astronomers considered that one certain location of dark matter would be around galaxies: a model known as the Standard Halo Model demonstrates how galaxies form and evolve. This model also states that they rotate as quickly as they do due to dark matter, which is thought to collect around the galaxies as a halo.

Working with the 2.2-meter MPG/ESO telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile, the team produced a model in hopes of finding the amount, mass, density, and distribution of dark matter around the Sun (the nearest best bet for finding the substance) and our very own galaxy (the Milky Way). Utilizing a hypothesized amount of dark matter based on a past model, they measured the motions of hundreds of stars (sometimes created from the influence of dark matter) as far as 13,000 light-years away from the Sun.

But what the team observed was a lack of dark matter instead; the conjectured density was significantly lower. “The mystery of dark matter has just become even more mysterious,” Moni Bidin states.

He and his colleagues will further investigate and analyze their results. According to their paper, if matters are consistent, the distribution of dark matter would have to

“reconcile the results with the DM paradigm. The interpretation of these results is thus not straightforward. We believe that they require further investigation and analysis, both on the observational and the theoretical side, to solve the problems they present.”

“Despite the new results,” Moni Bidin continues, “the Milky Way certainly rotates much faster than the visible matter alone can account for. So, if dark matter is not present where we expected it, a new solution for the missing mass problem must be found.”

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Using BOSS (Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey), a component of the third Sloan Digital Sky Survey from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, scientists have produced the most accurate measurements of when dark energy arose and caused the universe to accelerate its expansion.

Martin White, of Berkeley Lab’s Physics Division states in the press release, “BOSS’s first major cosmological results establish the accurate three-dimensional positions of 327,349 massive galaxies across 3,275 square degrees of the sky, reaching as far back as redshift 0.7 – the largest sample of the universe ever surveyed at this high density.” White is a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California at Berkeley, and chair of the BOSS science survey teams.

The notion that the universe is expanding came about in the 1920s, when American astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that all of the galaxies whose light shift he measured had produced a red shift– they were moving away from the Earth. The universe is continuously accelerating in its expansion.

Accelerated expansion was announced only fourteen years ago. Astronomers believe that a mysterious force called dark energy is the cause of this accelerated expansion, which is believed to have first occurred seven billion years ago. Presently, dark energy makes up nearly 75% of the universe’s total mass and energy.

Since the proposal of dark energy, the idea of it and when it came about precisely remained elusive. But just last week, the group of scientists at Berkley created the most precise map of dark energy, which looks billions of years into the past.

In order to create a map of dark energy, and to determine when dark energy caused the universe to suddenly accelerate expansion, the team of scientists working with BOSS produced precise measurements of the distances between each of the hundreds of thousands of galaxies, while also analyzing the galaxies’ red shifts, which allowed them to calculate the rate of expansion. To determine the distances, BOSS used a technique known as baryon acoustic oscillation.

Baryon acoustic oscillation occurs when baryons (i.e. “ordinary” matter) cluster due to the pressure of sound waves that moved through the universe when the universe was still very young (not even 400,000 years old) and hot and having varied densities because of the mixture of light and matter.

The universe has not always been expanding; rather, the expansion has been slowing down due to the pull of gravity the universe placed on itself. While BOSS was creating the map, it was able to pinpoint when exactly dark energy suddenly “turned on,” and accelerated expansion: six billion years after the universe came into existence.

The map may produce insight into dark energy and what its nature is, and it can also help astronomers understand the structure of the universe, and its expansion rate.

“For the past 13 years, we’ve had a simple model of how dark energy works,” David Schlegel of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, BOSS’ principal investigator tells Space.com. “But the truth is, we only have a little bit of data, and we’re just beginning to explore the times when dark energy turned on. If there are surprises lurking out there, we expect to find them.”

Image Courtesy of   https://www.facebook.com/BerkeleyLab

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A team of astronomers who had been creating a survey of stars at the Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidlberg, Germany have detected a planetary system – 375 light-years away in the constellation Cetus – that is nearly as old as the universe.

The star in the system, designated HIP 11952, is estimated to be 12.8 billion years old, having formed just a billion years after the Big Bang. Our system, by comparison, is only 4.6 billion years old. Two gas giant planets, HIP 11952b and HIP 11952c, each the size of Jupiter, orbit HIP 11952 and have an orbital period of seven days and nine and a half months, respectively.

The age of this system is certainly stunning, but the composition of the HIP 11952 and its planets are what baffles astronomers: they lack the presence of heavy elements (carbon, oxygen, and iron, for example), contradicting a major aspect of the Accretion theory.

Basically, the Accretion theory describes how solar systems are born and develop, but it also states that planets need a high concentration of heavy elements to form. Many planets that astronomers have studied before the discovery of the HIP 11952 system have all been made of many heavy elements. Even the gas giants in our own solar system contain them – mostly metals in their cores, which need these elements in order to form.

However, shortly after the Big Bang, the lighter elements (hydrogen and helium) dominated the universe. Stars were just beginning to form. Only when these first stars went nova did heavy elements exist, but this must have occurred billions of years following the Big Bang, considering the average lifespan of stars.

Despite the contradiction brought forth by the HIP 11952 system, the Accretion theory is still backed-up by evidence of other planets – largely detected by the NASA spacecraft Kepler – that are composed of heavier elements. These planets and their parent stars, however, are young in comparison with the universe’s age.

Nonetheless, the fact that HIP 11952b, and HIP 11952c exist proves that planets are able to form without the presence of heavy elements and, therefore, have astronomers considering new possibilities of how planets come into being. To solve the Accretion theory issue, they would need to further find and study older and metal-poor planets.

“We would like to discover and study more planetary systems of this kind,” Anna Pasquali tells Huffington Post. Pasquali is a co-author of the team’s paper and is from the Center for Astronomy at Heidelberg University (ZAH). “That would allow us to refine our theories of planet formation. The discovery of the planets of HIP 11952 shows that planets have been forming throughout the life of our Universe.”

According to their paper, the team accounts for the lack of heavy elements and HIP 11952’s long age by surmising that HIP 11952 is a dwarf star, a type of star that has low metallicity and a long lifespan.

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Last week, particle physicists at CERN came closer to finding the Higgs boson (otherwise inaptly known as “the god particle”), a hypothetical elementary particle that would explain the origin of mass.

Named after British physicist, Peter Higgs, who first hypothesized that mass came from elementary particles, the Higgs boson is believed to have existed during the few seconds after the Big Bang when particles first obtained mass. Not only is it the missing piece of the Standard Model, which explains how subatomic particles and the universal forces are related and how they interact with one other, but it will be able to fill in some of the inconsistencies within the model.

Located between the border of Switzerland and France, CERN – Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, or European Council for Nuclear Research – is a particle physics laboratory composed of particle accelerators. One of these particle accelerators is the largest in the world, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and consists of an underground circular tunnel.

The LHC’s purpose is to figure out what the universe was like on a subatomic level one second after the Big Bang by smashing together protons – a type of subatomic particle – at nearly the speed of light. ATLAS and CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) are two of the six major experiments at the LHC that are simultaneously, yet separately, determining the existence of the Higgs boson.

Proving the existence of the Higgs boson would be tricky. Because it is a hypothetical particle, the Higgs has to be created, which is also difficult. For one, its life span would be short because of its rapid decay, and it could only be detected by special instruments. ATLAS and CMS are looking to detect the Higgs, not by the state of it existing, but rather, by its decaying state.

To do so, these two experiments have to create the particle. Thereafter, they look for the Higgs by detecting the energy it has released upon its decay. The energy, which should ideally read around 116-130 GeV, is then recorded on graphs. While recording the data of the energy from the decaying, ATLAS and CMS have seen spikes at similar energies on their respective graphs at like times. However, some particle physicists believe that these spikes may be energy fluctuations.

“The excess is most compatible with a Standard Model Higgs in the vicinity of 124 GeV and below,” says Guido Tonelli, a particle physicist working as the spokesperson for CMS, “but the statistical significance is not large enough to say anything conclusive. As of today, what we see is consistent either with a background fluctuation or with the presence of the boson.”

To actually confirm the Higgs’ existence, ATLAS and CMS have to find more spikes in the same places at even greater energies to make sure that they are not merely fluctuations.

If scientists were truly able to confirm the Higgs’ existence, they would essentially discover a new basic understanding of the foundation of the universe and its origin – and possibly explain the elusive nature of dark matter and dark energy. Results, however, will have to wait. Tonelli further states, “Refined analyses and additional data delivered in 2012 by this magnificent machine will definitely give an answer.”

homeros / Shutterstock.com

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Universe Day is an annual event that starts each December 31st at noon and runs until noon on January 1st. Universe Day seeks to pick up where Earth Day leaves off and to effectively solve our planet’s evolutionary problems from a universe evolutionary perspective.

“Universe Day is similar to Earth Day in that individuals and organizations all over the planet are encouraged to self-organize their own events to forward the Universe Day message. Universe Day is a no-ownership, no-egos, get-the-message-out-now event. Imitate it, adapt it, improve it. Steal it, even, if it hastens the spread of its message,” says Lawrence Wollersheim, Director of the Universe Institute and one of the founders of Universe Day.

The message behind Universe Day is derived in part from the wisdom of Albert Einstein, who said, “We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.” As many are aware, the challenges we now face on a planetary scale – such as radically increasing temperatures, nuclear and traditional wars, pollution, environmental degradation, lack of sustainability and a troubled global economy – have serious consequences.

Rather than allow ourselves to feel overwhelmed by these challenges, however, we can, as Einstein suggests, adopt an entirely new way of thinking. Such is the impetus behind Universe Day: to expand our approach to these issues by adopting the much broader Universe Evolutionary Worldview.

“The progressive evolution of the universe as a whole system is the power that sustains our physical existence – both personal and planetary. We are embedded in the unstoppable flow of the evolutionary process, which is the most dominant factor in all of life and in everything around us,” says Wollersheim.

“Recent innovations in cosmology and evolutionary biology have revealed more about the evolution of life and the cosmos in the last twenty years than in all the previous eras of human history combined, and our ability to accumulate more of this essential knowledge is accelerating. Humanity is now capable of understanding the full evolutionary scope of the biggest playing field there is – the universe.”

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The Drake equation is a probability law which estimates the abundance of intelligent life in our Galaxy, the Milky Way. It is quite simple in appearance, and anyone can play with the variables in order to make their own personal estimate.

The variables encountered in the equation include the proportion of intelligent to non-intelligent life; the proportion of stars which would be capable of sustaining life in their environment to those who cannot; the number of planets a star is probable to have existing in this habitable zone, if the star were to harbour planets.

Although the scientific results of this equation are in great debate, it was developed by Prof. Frank Drake in order to open discussion on the topic for the famous meeting at the Green Bank radio observatory in 1961.

Current estimates ranging from the opinions of pessimists to optimists, are of the order of it being next to impossible to communicate with other lifeforms in our Galaxy, to a possible ten different alien civilisations who are currently in the same positions as us with appropiate technology who could be trying to communicate with us and others like us.

Hence the popularity of the SETI project (the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence). The equation brings many interesting topics to light such as how long intelligent civilisations may continue on living, with most estimates being of short duration. One hypothesise is that once nuclear power is developed by a civilisation, they will quickly destroy themselves through their new technology.

To date there have been 684 confirmed planets discovered orbiting a total number of 474 stars other than our Sun. With thousands more proposed from the Kepler mission awaiting comfirmation. More recently the Kepler mission has discovered the first planet known to be orbiting two stars.

The techniques involved in detecting these extra-solar (i.e. orbiting other stars than our Sun) objects favor the discovery of larger, more massive planets which have a more visible influence on their parent star. The techniques follow principles as simple as; does the parent star wobble?

If so, by how much and then knowing the distance to the parent star we can calculate the mass of the orbiting planet and orbital period, which in turn would give us the distance between the parent star and planet, using Kepler’s third law. This technique follows the principles of astrometry (basically astronomical geometry).

Then from analyzing the richness of the chemical environment of such systems through spectroscopy it is possible to say if at least one component of this system would be capable of sustaining life. Unfortunately, due to the large number of complexities which arise in the observational and analysis stages no one can say for sure if these planets are currently harbours of life.

However, all is not lost as we know already that our solar system contains life on a small out of the way planet amicably called Earth. So would it be possible for other lumps of rock in our Galaxy to host complex biological species? It is of popular opinion that yes, it is possible but due to the harsh environments in which they may exist they may not of had the possibility to evolve beyond microbial stages of evolution.

For example, if we ignore Mars for a minute and concentrate on the more probable hosts, the Gaililean satelites orbiting our local failed star Jupiter or Saturn’s Titan are good bets. It was initially thought that light was a neccessary ingredient for life to come into being. That was until the discovery of strange looking creatures living in the depths of our deepest darkest oceans close to hydrothermal vents.

This would lead a reasonable mind to believe that Europa, Ganymede or Titan may be hosts to such creatures thanks to their water ice crusts encasing their volcanic prone H2O oceans. How could we detect such life? Well as we know from studies of biological creatures back home we create a chemical diversity in our atmosphere which wouldn’t exist if we did not.

So we could look for gases such as methane trapped in ice crystals such as Clathrate Hydrates on the surface of these near by objects, with techniques such as infra-red reflection spectroscopy.

An exo-planet nicknamed ‘Snow White’ has been found to have a partially water ice surface with a possible light methane atmosphere. So in conclusion, no life has been currently detected aside from on planet Earth and it will prove difficult to find, but, we are off to a good start.

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